Fter harvest of the host (Ramaiah et al., 1983).Cultural practices for instance manual weeding, push and pull, crop rotation with non-host intercrops (trap crops), fertilizer application, soil and water management, and transplanting have already been attempted, but they supplied restricted success in controlling BMX Kinase Formulation Striga infestation (Oswald Ransom, 2002; Fasil Verkleij, 2007; Udom et al., 2007; Manyong et al., 2008; Ayongwa et al., 2010; Lagoke Isah, 2010; Hailu et al., 2018). Inter-cropping cereals with legumes is an additional low-cost and viable approach which has been reported to influence Striga spp. infestation (Carsky et al., 2000; Akanvou et al., 2006; Kanampiu et al., 2018). Legumes, by means of their roots, fix atmospheric nitrogen, add organic matter for the soil by contributing to soil conservation, preserving the streamline soil moisture and enhances soil biodiversity, thereby improving soil well being and fertility, which straight contributes to Striga manage. Intercropping legumes with cereals reduces S. hermonthica but will not Adenosine Deaminase Formulation remove the parasite (Khan et al., 2000, 2007). Other procedures for Striga control include things like biological handle working with herbicide-resistant maize variety (Imazapyr treatment), improvement of Striga-resistant germplasm, use of fungus Fusarium isolation by applying strigolactones (Kanampiu et al., 2002; Ejeta, 2007; Illa et al., 2010; Nzioki et al., 2016; Uraguchi et al., 2018; Zwanenburg, Blanco-Ania, 2018; Kountche et al., 2019). All these approaches have already been employed with some degree of achievement to minimize the effect of Striga in maize production. The mode of action for each and every approach is distinct. For instance, within the case of fungus, when F. oxysporum gets in speak to with maize plants, there’s a production of amino acids (L-leucine and L-tyrosine), that disrupt plant growth and development. These amino acids are toxic to Striga plants but innocuous to maize plants (Nzioki et al., 2016). The usage of this biological2.3|Striga manage methodsStriga manage is essential to ensure food security in the SSA (Ejeta, 2007; Rodenburg et al., 2005). A number of procedures, ranging from agricultural practices to biological handle exist and important progress has been produced in Striga handle investigation within Africa (Table 1).|YACOUBOU et Al.F I G U R E 3 Biological functions of strigolactones Source: Yamaguchi et al. (2010) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary. com]control tool permitted the increment of extra than 45 maize yield in Striga endemic zones in Kenya (Nzioki et al., 2016). Strigolactones (SLs) lower the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) in plant by up-regulating the ABA catabolic enzyme gene CYP707A1 (Lechat et al., 2015; Toh et al., 2012). The ABA is released by maize infected with S. hermonthica, that subsequently trigger stomatal closure to reduce water loss. SLs also increase the production of gibberellins (GA) hormones by up-regulating gibberellin3-dioxygenase 1, which is involved in GA biosynthesis (Toh et al., 2015; Yao et al., 2016). Though ABA and GA represent central plant hormones and are known to antagonistically regulate seed germination in non-parasitic plants, the effects of their exogenous application vary across parasitic plant species. Zehhar et al. (2002) and Toh et al. (2015), reported that neither GA nor ABA alone is adequate to stimulate or inhibit seed germination in S. hermonthica, whilst Kannan and Zwanenburg (2014) and Zwanenburg et al. (2016) reported SLs application seems appealing owi.
