Dases, xanthine-oxidase, nitric oxide synthases and arachidonic acid oxygenase pathways, as
Dases, xanthine-oxidase, nitric oxide synthases and arachidonic acid oxygenase pathways, as well as the mitochondrial respiratory chain [9,13,14,20]. Moreover, non-superoxide-derived ROS may add to the baseline increase in CPH oxidation, not suppressed by SOD [35]. As extracellular SOD is not thought to enter the intracellular milieu [42,43], intracellular trapping of superoxide by CPH may further add to this finding. However, as only low penetration of cell membranes was described for CPH this is less likely [34,44,45]. Ventilation of the lungs with oxygen concentrations lower than 21 resulted in increased pulmonary artery pressure, with the changes in proportion to the relative O2 decrease being highest between 10.0 and 2.5 , as previously reported for isolated rabbit lungs [31]. This hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction is known as a key feature of the lung, matching perfusion to ventilation in order to optimize pulmonary gas exchange by excluding poorly or non-ventilated areas from blood flow. Among other concepts, lung ROS generation has been suggested to be involved in this mechanism [15,46]. However, there is ongoing discussion about whether an increase or a decrease in ROS occurs during hypoxia, and from what source hypoxia-induced ROS may be derived [12,14,17,18,20,21]. As possible sources for both a decrease and an increase, mitochondria or NADPH-oxidases have been suggested [8,12]. With regard to these aspects it has not yet been determined whether hypoxia can indeed cause a paradoxical increase in NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide purchase Nutlin (3a) release in the pulmonary circulation. The fact that extracellular SOD inhibited the ESR signal, but not the PAP increase under hypoxic conditions [8,32] can be explained by intracellular superoxide production, e.g. in the vascular smooth muscle cells, underlying PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27362935 the mechanism of hypoxic vasoconstriction, but not being a major contributor to the intravascular superoxide leak. Thus, the current focus on the intravascular compartment for ROS trapping may not be a suitable approach for analyzing ROS formation that underlies hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. It may, however, be appropriate to measure ROS formation under conditions primarily affecting the endothelial cells, such as endothePage 10 of(page number not for citation purposes)Respiratory Research 2005, 6:http://respiratory-research.com/content/6/1/A)change in increase rate of signal intensity ( )700 600 500 400 300 200**********SOD -SOD + SOD control control+FeCl*1 2.5 5 10*O2 – concentration ( )B)increase rate of PAP (mm Hg/min)0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2.5 5 10 16O2 – concentration ( )Figure 6 Oxygen-dependency of PMA-induced changes in ESR signal intensity, lung superoxide release, and pulmonary artery pressure Oxygen-dependency of PMA-induced changes in ESR signal intensity, lung superoxide release, and pulmonary artery pressure. Lungs were ventilated for 30 minutes with either 1 , 2.5 , 5 , 10 , 16 or 21 O2, followed by injection of PMA into the pulmonary artery, resulting in a concentration of 1 in the recirculating buffer fluid. (A) Changes in the increase rate of the ESR signal intensity after PMA addition, as compared to the values before PMA addition (set as 100 ) are given. Experiments were performed in the presence (+SOD) or the absence (-SOD) of SOD. In the control group, lungs were replaced by a fiber oxygenator for equilibration of the buffer fluid with the different oxygen concentrations. The fibre ox.
