Tanil 0.03?0.09 g kg-1 hr-1 are used. BIS target 60?0. NA BIS target >80, no further information NK No BIS Nasopharyngeal airway (spontaneous breathing) Fentanyl bolus 25?0g, remifentanil 0.005 to 0.02 3 g kg-1 min-1, TAK-385 biological activity Propofol (n = 15), Propofol, midazolam and fentanyl, exact dosage NK No medication NK No No Nasal cannula (spontaneous breathing) NK Propofol, midazolam and fentanyl, exact dosage NK No No Oxygen via nasal cannula, (spontaneous breathing) NARajan 2013 [50]Propofol + dexmedetomidineRughani 2011 [51]Propofol + fentanyl + midazolamSacko 2010 [52]NASanus 2015 [53]Propofol + dexmedetomidine + remifentanilSee 2007 [54]NASerletis 2007 [55]NAAnaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy19 /(Continued)Table 3. (Continued)Dosage SA(S) Anaesth. depth control Airway RE Endotracheal tube, controlled ventilation, FiO2 = 1.0. MAC /AAA Management Awake phase End of surgery Use of muscle relaxants Cisatracurium 0.2 mg kg-1 and continuous infusion of 0.1 mg kg-1 h-StudySA(S) ManagementPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26,Initial in both groups: propofol-TCI Marsh model, Cp 4 g ml-1, cis-atracurium 0.2 mg kg-1 and remifentanilTCI, Minto model, 3ng ml-1 (Cp). Thereafter in both groups: remifentanil 2ng ml-1 (Cp) and cis-atracurium 0.1 mg kg-1 h-1 and aim RE 60?0. Propofol group: propofol 1? g ml-1 (Cp). Dexmedetomidine group: propofol discontinued and dexmedetomidine loaded with 1g kg-1, followed by 0.2?.7 g kg-1 h-1. NK NA Nothing Propofol and replacement of LMA NK NK NK NA Only re-induction of anaesthesia is mentioned. Both groups: Aim RE >80. Remifentanil 0.5 ng ml-1 (Cp). Propofol group: propofol discontinued and normal saline (placebo) 5 ml h-1 was infused. Dexmedetomidine group: dexmedetomidine 0.2 g kg-1 h-1. LMA at the beginning and the end, ventilation mode NK No BIS (n = 16) Oxygen via nasal cannula 2? l min-1, continuous positive airway pressure was delivered through nasal trumpet in 1 patient NA 1.) Fentanyl 25?0 g before application of RSNB 2.) Induction with propofol 1? mg kg-1, fentanyl 0.5?.0 g kg-1, and midazolam 1? mg i. v. 3.) Continuous fentanyl 0.5? g kg-1 h-1 and propofol 1? mg kg-1 h-1. Aim BIS >60. 4.) Diclofenac 50?5 mg/ tramadol 50?00 mg if needed NK 1.) Fentanyl and propofol until 2010 (n = 44), titrated as bolus/ continuous (fentanyl 0.25?.5 g kg-1 h-1, propofol 25?00 g kg-1 min-1. 2.) Since 2010: Dexmedetomidine solely (n = 6) 1 g kg-1 loading dose, followed by 0.2?0.7 g kg-1 h-1, 3.) along with titrated doses of fentanyl (n = 3), 4.) along with titrated doses of propofol and fentanyl (n = 1). Aim RE/ BIS: 60?80 Cessation of propofol, but continued fentanyl and dexmedetomidine NA NK No RE/ BIS (n = 14) Oxygen mask or nasal cannula (spontaneous breathing)Shen 2013 [56]TCI-TIVA (propofol + remifentanil) + dexmedetomidineShinoura 2013 [57]Propofol, dexmedetomidine, or remifentanilSinha 2007 [58]NASokhal 2015 [59]NAAnaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy20 /(Continued)Table 3. (Continued)Dosage SA(S) Anaesth. depth control Airway Only clinical with the (OAA/S) score SAS (n = 2): LMA; MAC (n = 4) oxygen 2? l min-1 nasal cannula (spontaneous breathing) MAC /AAA Management Awake phase End of surgery Use of muscle relaxants NoStudySA(S) ManagementSouter 2007 [60]SAS (n = 2) Propofol, fentanyl, Bayer 41-4109 biological activity dexmedetomidineInduction with 3 mg kg-1 propofol, thereafter 100?00 g kg-1 min-1 and fentanyl 25 g boluses. 1. Only dexmedetomidine 01.5?.7 g kg-1 h-1 (n = 3), 2. Additional propofol 150?00 g kg-1 min-1 for the begin.Tanil 0.03?0.09 g kg-1 hr-1 are used. BIS target 60?0. NA BIS target >80, no further information NK No BIS Nasopharyngeal airway (spontaneous breathing) Fentanyl bolus 25?0g, remifentanil 0.005 to 0.02 3 g kg-1 min-1, propofol (n = 15), Propofol, midazolam and fentanyl, exact dosage NK No medication NK No No Nasal cannula (spontaneous breathing) NK Propofol, midazolam and fentanyl, exact dosage NK No No Oxygen via nasal cannula, (spontaneous breathing) NARajan 2013 [50]Propofol + dexmedetomidineRughani 2011 [51]Propofol + fentanyl + midazolamSacko 2010 [52]NASanus 2015 [53]Propofol + dexmedetomidine + remifentanilSee 2007 [54]NASerletis 2007 [55]NAAnaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy19 /(Continued)Table 3. (Continued)Dosage SA(S) Anaesth. depth control Airway RE Endotracheal tube, controlled ventilation, FiO2 = 1.0. MAC /AAA Management Awake phase End of surgery Use of muscle relaxants Cisatracurium 0.2 mg kg-1 and continuous infusion of 0.1 mg kg-1 h-StudySA(S) ManagementPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26,Initial in both groups: propofol-TCI Marsh model, Cp 4 g ml-1, cis-atracurium 0.2 mg kg-1 and remifentanilTCI, Minto model, 3ng ml-1 (Cp). Thereafter in both groups: remifentanil 2ng ml-1 (Cp) and cis-atracurium 0.1 mg kg-1 h-1 and aim RE 60?0. Propofol group: propofol 1? g ml-1 (Cp). Dexmedetomidine group: propofol discontinued and dexmedetomidine loaded with 1g kg-1, followed by 0.2?.7 g kg-1 h-1. NK NA Nothing Propofol and replacement of LMA NK NK NK NA Only re-induction of anaesthesia is mentioned. Both groups: Aim RE >80. Remifentanil 0.5 ng ml-1 (Cp). Propofol group: propofol discontinued and normal saline (placebo) 5 ml h-1 was infused. Dexmedetomidine group: dexmedetomidine 0.2 g kg-1 h-1. LMA at the beginning and the end, ventilation mode NK No BIS (n = 16) Oxygen via nasal cannula 2? l min-1, continuous positive airway pressure was delivered through nasal trumpet in 1 patient NA 1.) Fentanyl 25?0 g before application of RSNB 2.) Induction with propofol 1? mg kg-1, fentanyl 0.5?.0 g kg-1, and midazolam 1? mg i. v. 3.) Continuous fentanyl 0.5? g kg-1 h-1 and propofol 1? mg kg-1 h-1. Aim BIS >60. 4.) Diclofenac 50?5 mg/ tramadol 50?00 mg if needed NK 1.) Fentanyl and propofol until 2010 (n = 44), titrated as bolus/ continuous (fentanyl 0.25?.5 g kg-1 h-1, propofol 25?00 g kg-1 min-1. 2.) Since 2010: Dexmedetomidine solely (n = 6) 1 g kg-1 loading dose, followed by 0.2?0.7 g kg-1 h-1, 3.) along with titrated doses of fentanyl (n = 3), 4.) along with titrated doses of propofol and fentanyl (n = 1). Aim RE/ BIS: 60?80 Cessation of propofol, but continued fentanyl and dexmedetomidine NA NK No RE/ BIS (n = 14) Oxygen mask or nasal cannula (spontaneous breathing)Shen 2013 [56]TCI-TIVA (propofol + remifentanil) + dexmedetomidineShinoura 2013 [57]Propofol, dexmedetomidine, or remifentanilSinha 2007 [58]NASokhal 2015 [59]NAAnaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy20 /(Continued)Table 3. (Continued)Dosage SA(S) Anaesth. depth control Airway Only clinical with the (OAA/S) score SAS (n = 2): LMA; MAC (n = 4) oxygen 2? l min-1 nasal cannula (spontaneous breathing) MAC /AAA Management Awake phase End of surgery Use of muscle relaxants NoStudySA(S) ManagementSouter 2007 [60]SAS (n = 2) Propofol, fentanyl, dexmedetomidineInduction with 3 mg kg-1 propofol, thereafter 100?00 g kg-1 min-1 and fentanyl 25 g boluses. 1. Only dexmedetomidine 01.5?.7 g kg-1 h-1 (n = 3), 2. Additional propofol 150?00 g kg-1 min-1 for the begin.
