Significant difference). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050053.gin the absence and presence of exogenous Sp1: pGL3-Box2, pGL3-DEL1 2 and pGL3-DEL1 (Figure 3). These findings indicate that GC-Box1 plays a dominant role to mediate Sp1dependent transactivation of the MGARP promoter, and it requires both GC-Boxes to achieve full transcriptional activity. Additionally, the pGL3-Box1 2 promoter purchase ZK-36374 produced comparable (or slightly higher) luciferase activity when compared to the fulllength pGL3-MGARP promoter (pGL3-(23 kb)) (Figure 3), suggesting that Sp1 is the predominant transcriptional activator for the 23 kb proximal promoter region. As a complementary approach, a similar 12926553 test was carried out with co-expressed Sp1 and pDsRed-MGARP promoter (23 kb), pDsRed-Box1 2, pDsRed-Box1 or pDsRed-Box2 reporters. The intensity of the red fluorescence showed a similar pattern of these promoters’ activities as compared to that of the Luc assay, in the absence and presence of co-expressed Sp1 (Figure S2). Together, these findings indicate that substantial activation of the MGARP promoter critically depends on Sp1 and the proximal 150-bp region (2150/0 bp) that contains two GC-rich boxes, and that a synergistic interaction between the two Sp1 binding motifs is required for effective promoter activation.Sp1 Binds to the GC Boxes of the MGARP PromoterNext, we performed an EMSA to examine whether these GC boxes mediated the interaction of Sp1 with the MGARP promoter DNA backbone. Biotin-labeled short DNA oligos corresponding to Box1 were synthesized and annealed. Nuclear extracts from Sp1overexpressed HEK-293T cells were incubated with the probe or the plain buffer as a control. As shown in Figure 4A, a shifted band was observed in the presence, but not the absence, of nuclear extracts, and the intensity of the band was associated with theconcentrations of the extracts (Lane 2 and 3 in Figure 4A). Significantly, the shifted bands were eliminated when incubated with 200-fold excess unlabeled probe, but the mutated-unlabeled probe had no effect, indicating the specificity of Sp1 binding to the GC boxes of the MGARP 
promoter (Lane 4 and 5 in Figure 4A). At the same time, we attempted to super-shift the band by adding Sp1 specific antibody. After addition of the antibody to the reaction mixture, a super-shifted band was produced, and the amount of the corresponding shifted band was reduced (Lane 6 in Figure 4A). Similarly, we performed an additional EMSA 1516647 using HEK-293T cells subjected to Sp1-overexpression or RNAi-mediated Sp1 AKT inhibitor 2 site down-regulation. The results indicated that the endogenous Sp1 in HEK-293T cells could bind to the GC-boxes (control), overexpression of Sp1 markedly enhanced the intensity of the shifted band, and knockdown of Sp1 substantially reduced the binding, suggesting that this shifted band was Sp1-mediated (Figure 4B). Since the HEK-293T cells were reported to have a relationship to neurons [27], and MGARP was demonstrated to be expressed in neurons and Y1 cells [4,7], we examined and compared the expression of Sp1 and MGARP in HEK-293T and Y1 cells by Western blot. The results indicated that that both HEK-293T and Y1 cell could express endogenous Sp1 and MGARP proteins (Figure S3). The HEK-293T cells expressed more Sp1 and less MGARP while Y1 cells expressed less Sp1 and more MGARP proteins. To verify the above findings in an independent cellular system, Y1 cells were used because they express abundant MGARP protein and may contain a substantial amount.Significant difference). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050053.gin the absence and presence of exogenous Sp1: pGL3-Box2, 
pGL3-DEL1 2 and pGL3-DEL1 (Figure 3). These findings indicate that GC-Box1 plays a dominant role to mediate Sp1dependent transactivation of the MGARP promoter, and it requires both GC-Boxes to achieve full transcriptional activity. Additionally, the pGL3-Box1 2 promoter produced comparable (or slightly higher) luciferase activity when compared to the fulllength pGL3-MGARP promoter (pGL3-(23 kb)) (Figure 3), suggesting that Sp1 is the predominant transcriptional activator for the 23 kb proximal promoter region. As a complementary approach, a similar 12926553 test was carried out with co-expressed Sp1 and pDsRed-MGARP promoter (23 kb), pDsRed-Box1 2, pDsRed-Box1 or pDsRed-Box2 reporters. The intensity of the red fluorescence showed a similar pattern of these promoters’ activities as compared to that of the Luc assay, in the absence and presence of co-expressed Sp1 (Figure S2). Together, these findings indicate that substantial activation of the MGARP promoter critically depends on Sp1 and the proximal 150-bp region (2150/0 bp) that contains two GC-rich boxes, and that a synergistic interaction between the two Sp1 binding motifs is required for effective promoter activation.Sp1 Binds to the GC Boxes of the MGARP PromoterNext, we performed an EMSA to examine whether these GC boxes mediated the interaction of Sp1 with the MGARP promoter DNA backbone. Biotin-labeled short DNA oligos corresponding to Box1 were synthesized and annealed. Nuclear extracts from Sp1overexpressed HEK-293T cells were incubated with the probe or the plain buffer as a control. As shown in Figure 4A, a shifted band was observed in the presence, but not the absence, of nuclear extracts, and the intensity of the band was associated with theconcentrations of the extracts (Lane 2 and 3 in Figure 4A). Significantly, the shifted bands were eliminated when incubated with 200-fold excess unlabeled probe, but the mutated-unlabeled probe had no effect, indicating the specificity of Sp1 binding to the GC boxes of the MGARP promoter (Lane 4 and 5 in Figure 4A). At the same time, we attempted to super-shift the band by adding Sp1 specific antibody. After addition of the antibody to the reaction mixture, a super-shifted band was produced, and the amount of the corresponding shifted band was reduced (Lane 6 in Figure 4A). Similarly, we performed an additional EMSA 1516647 using HEK-293T cells subjected to Sp1-overexpression or RNAi-mediated Sp1 down-regulation. The results indicated that the endogenous Sp1 in HEK-293T cells could bind to the GC-boxes (control), overexpression of Sp1 markedly enhanced the intensity of the shifted band, and knockdown of Sp1 substantially reduced the binding, suggesting that this shifted band was Sp1-mediated (Figure 4B). Since the HEK-293T cells were reported to have a relationship to neurons [27], and MGARP was demonstrated to be expressed in neurons and Y1 cells [4,7], we examined and compared the expression of Sp1 and MGARP in HEK-293T and Y1 cells by Western blot. The results indicated that that both HEK-293T and Y1 cell could express endogenous Sp1 and MGARP proteins (Figure S3). The HEK-293T cells expressed more Sp1 and less MGARP while Y1 cells expressed less Sp1 and more MGARP proteins. To verify the above findings in an independent cellular system, Y1 cells were used because they express abundant MGARP protein and may contain a substantial amount.
