Ported cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) and confirmed influenza A 2009 (H1N1) (left y-axis) and weekly ILI incidence per 100 000 population (right y-axis). In Iceland approximately 62 of all virologically confirmed cases and ILI were in Reykjavik [21]. (Ref: http://www.influensa.is/pages/ 1505). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046816.gInfluenza and community-acquired pneumonia in the hospitalPrior to the pandemic, two CAP patients were diagnosed with seasonal H3N2 influenza pneumonia. The first patient admissions with influenza A 2009 (H1N1) were in August and reached a peak in October, synchronous with ILI activity in the society at large. A total of 114 adult patients with confirmed 2009 H1N1 infection were admitted to our centre, and 22 (19 ) of those patients had infiltrates on chest X-ray and thus were included in the study. During its peak, influenza 
2009 (H1N1) pneumonia accounted for 38 of all admissions for CAP.interstitial infiltrate being strongly associated with the 2009 pandemic strain.Pneumonia Severity scoresAll patients received PSI, CURB-65 and APACHE II scores. Patients with influenza A 2009 (H1N1) CAP had a significantly lower PSI and CURB-65 scores on admission than other patients with CAP (table 2). When the CURB-65 score was recalculated by omitting the age criteria (one point for age over 65), the difference between the two patient groups became non-significant (1.14 vs. 1.20). The PSI risk class is derived from various clinical parameters which give points, including one point for each year of age for men, and age in years 210 for women [5]. The difference in mean age between the two groups (44.0 [37.1?0.9] vs. 64.4 [62.1?6.7]) corresponded MedChemExpress Microcystin-LR roughly to the difference in mean PSI values (56.3 [43.8?8.7] vs. 79.2 [75.2?3.2]).MicrobiologyIn total, 139 of 313 patients received 154 etiologic diagnoses, thus giving a diagnostic yield of 44.4 for the overall cohort. S. pneumoniae was the most common pathogen, found in 30 of diagnosed cases. During the study period no major shift in the 
prevalence of pathogens other than influenza was noted (figure 2). Bacterial co-pathogens were found in three 2009 (H1N1) CAP patients (14 ). One patient had a positive S. pneumoniae urinary antigen test, and one had both S. pneumoniae and S. aureus cultured from high-quality sputum. In addition Burkholderia pseudomallei was cultured from blood of a traveler returning from Thailand. By including patients with positive cultures from lower-quality respiratory specimens, co-infections increase to five (23 ).Treatment, length of stay and buy Biotin NHS outcomesAll admitted patients received intravenous antibiotic therapy. In the influenza group 86 received treatment with oseltamivir (table 3). Influenza CAP patients more commonly received coverage for atypical bacterial agents than other patients with CAP. Patients with influenza pneumonia displayed a nonsignificant trend towards a longer hospital stay and longer duration of antimicrobial treatment. They also received a higher level of care, with 41 being admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) as compared with 6 of other CAP cases (P,.001) and 14 requiring invasive ventilation as compared with 2 of other CAP cases (P,.001). Influenza CAP patients admitted to ICU had worse oxygen saturation levels than other influenza patients with the mean worst SpO2 saturation of the groups during their first 24 hours of admission being 84 vs. 94 (P = .005). The values of C-reactive protein (CRP) differed significa.Ported cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) and confirmed influenza A 2009 (H1N1) (left y-axis) and weekly ILI incidence per 100 000 population (right y-axis). In Iceland approximately 62 of all virologically confirmed cases and ILI were in Reykjavik [21]. (Ref: http://www.influensa.is/pages/ 1505). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046816.gInfluenza and community-acquired pneumonia in the hospitalPrior to the pandemic, two CAP patients were diagnosed with seasonal H3N2 influenza pneumonia. The first patient admissions with influenza A 2009 (H1N1) were in August and reached a peak in October, synchronous with ILI activity in the society at large. A total of 114 adult patients with confirmed 2009 H1N1 infection were admitted to our centre, and 22 (19 ) of those patients had infiltrates on chest X-ray and thus were included in the study. During its peak, influenza 2009 (H1N1) pneumonia accounted for 38 of all admissions for CAP.interstitial infiltrate being strongly associated with the 2009 pandemic strain.Pneumonia Severity scoresAll patients received PSI, CURB-65 and APACHE II scores. Patients with influenza A 2009 (H1N1) CAP had a significantly lower PSI and CURB-65 scores on admission than other patients with CAP (table 2). When the CURB-65 score was recalculated by omitting the age criteria (one point for age over 65), the difference between the two patient groups became non-significant (1.14 vs. 1.20). The PSI risk class is derived from various clinical parameters which give points, including one point for each year of age for men, and age in years 210 for women [5]. The difference in mean age between the two groups (44.0 [37.1?0.9] vs. 64.4 [62.1?6.7]) corresponded roughly to the difference in mean PSI values (56.3 [43.8?8.7] vs. 79.2 [75.2?3.2]).MicrobiologyIn total, 139 of 313 patients received 154 etiologic diagnoses, thus giving a diagnostic yield of 44.4 for the overall cohort. S. pneumoniae was the most common pathogen, found in 30 of diagnosed cases. During the study period no major shift in the prevalence of pathogens other than influenza was noted (figure 2). Bacterial co-pathogens were found in three 2009 (H1N1) CAP patients (14 ). One patient had a positive S. pneumoniae urinary antigen test, and one had both S. pneumoniae and S. aureus cultured from high-quality sputum. In addition Burkholderia pseudomallei was cultured from blood of a traveler returning from Thailand. By including patients with positive cultures from lower-quality respiratory specimens, co-infections increase to five (23 ).Treatment, length of stay and outcomesAll admitted patients received intravenous antibiotic therapy. In the influenza group 86 received treatment with oseltamivir (table 3). Influenza CAP patients more commonly received coverage for atypical bacterial agents than other patients with CAP. Patients with influenza pneumonia displayed a nonsignificant trend towards a longer hospital stay and longer duration of antimicrobial treatment. They also received a higher level of care, with 41 being admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) as compared with 6 of other CAP cases (P,.001) and 14 requiring invasive ventilation as compared with 2 of other CAP cases (P,.001). Influenza CAP patients admitted to ICU had worse oxygen saturation levels than other influenza patients with the mean worst SpO2 saturation of the groups during their first 24 hours of admission being 84 vs. 94 (P = .005). The values of C-reactive protein (CRP) differed significa.
