Re applied to the soil as a m (Figure 2). The fern was supplied from the very same forest plus the fresh residues have been spread around the ground at a dose of 500 g/m2 of fresh weight (200 g/m2 of dry matter, as suggested for straw mulching by [37,38]).2.three. Hydrological MonitoringLand 2021, 10, 1166 5 ofIn each and every forest web-site, three series of plots (every one with 3 replications) had been delimited at a reciprocal distance, involving 1.five and 20 m (Figure 2).(a)Figure two. Cont.Land 2021, 10, 1166 Land 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW6 of6 of(b)(c) Figure 2. Pictures of PX-478 web experimental plots installed for hydrological monitoring of the experimental web sites: (a) pine; (b), oak, Figure 2. Pictures of thethe experimental plots installed for hydrological monitoring on the experimental web pages: (a) pine; (b), oak, and c), chestnut forests. and (c), chestnut forests.The plots (3 m in length 1 m in width, for any total location of three m2) have been hydraulically isolated, to be able to avoid the inflow of surface water, applying 0.3-m higher metallic sheets inserted as much as 0.2 m below the soil surface. Downstream of each and every plot, a transverse channel intercepted the water and sediment flows, which have been collected inside a 100-litre tank.Land 2021, ten,7 ofThe hydrological monitoring began immediately just after web site installation and was carried out till September 2020, more than 15 months (Table 1). Precipitation height and intensity had been measured in 15-min measures by a tipping bucket rain gauge at a maximum distance of 1 km from the experimental websites. Surface runoff and sediment concentration right after the monitored events were measured based on Lucas-Borja et al. (2019b) [40]. In short, soon after mixing the water within the tank, 3 separate samples had been collected for every single rainfall unoff event (total of 0.5 L). The samples have been oven-dried at 105 C for 24 h within the laboratory. Then, the dried sediments had been weighed, plus the weight was divided by the sample volume, to calculate the sediment concentration. The item on the latter by the runoff volume gave the soil loss.Table 1. Key hydrological variables of rainfall events monitored in the experimental web sites (Samo, Calabria, Southern Italy). Date 15 July 2019 9 October 2019 11 November 2019 23 November 2019 five December 2019 24 March 2020 14 July 2020 Height (mm) 65 49.9 142.8 87.1 147.2 155.9 22.four Net Height (mm) Oak Chestnut 59.eight 43.9 132.8 81.0 138.four 146.5 19.7 60.five 44.9 132.8 81.9 139.8 149.7 20.four Duration (h) 36 26 41 19 30 32 7 Intensity (mm/h) Max Mean 22.two 14.six 26.two 24.7 19 13.eight 12.8 1.99 1.85 three.49 four.58 4.90 two.86 2.Pine 61.8 45.four 135.7 82.7 141.three 149.7 20.Note: recorded in the rain gauge station under a tree canopy in each and every forest.2.4. Short Description with the Models Some short information about the tested models is supplied below, when additional information are offered inside the functions by the cited authors. two.four.1. SCS-CN Model The Soil Conservation Service-curve number (SCS-CN) [41] was created by the United states of america Division of Agriculture inside the 1950s. This empirical model derives some assumptions from physically-based infiltration equations and needs only a number of data points to estimate runoff to get a given rainfall event. The SCS-CN system assumes: V W = (1) Pn S exactly where V is definitely the runoff volume, Pn could be the net rainfall, W would be the soil prospective retention, and S is the maximum soil prospective retention (all Geldanamycin Inhibitor values are in mm). V is calculated by the following equation: V= Pn two Pn S (2)where Pn is the difference among the rainfall depth P plus the initial abstraction Ia (b.
