Ngly, Psta-induced WRKY33 did not bind to the W5 region upstream of CYP82C2 (Fig. 3b, c), a W-box region that will not include any WRKY33-specific motifs and is just upstream of neighboring gene of unknown function At4g31960. WRKY33 reportedly binds to W5 in response to flg2249 and Botrytis cinerea35. By contrast, Psta-induced WRKY33 bound strongly for the W1 area upstream of CYP71BNATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2019)10:3444 | 41467-019-11406-3 | www.nature.comnaturecommunicationswrkCy3 three Le r-0 Le r-1 D i-Gol-D i-GCamalexinICN + ICA-ME4OH-ICA + 4OH-ICA-MED EXb:WR KYwrky33 DEX:WRKY33-mycD i-G 33 -m yc #2Le r-f lsNATURE COMMUNICATIONS | Actin Inhibitors Reagents 41467-019-11406-ARTICLEa70 60 Relative fold expression 50 40 30 B 20 1 10 c Cw rk y3 3 42 4 31 3 T WWRKY33 aFOX1 a2.CYP82C2 9h 12 h B a BA2.ab3 A two c B d Cb1.5 a1.0 B 0.five b A 0.42 4 31 3 w rk y3 3 w rk y3 3 31 3 W WAc CT Twrky33 DEX:WRKY33-flagwrky33 DEX:WRKY33-flagwrky33 DEX:WRKY33-flagbTAG 000 ATG FOX1 TAAcFOX1 promoterCYP82C2 promoter100 W2 W1 ATG 000 000 ATG CYP82C2 TGAFold enrichmentW5 WWW1 0.1 W2 W1 0.1 W5 W4 W3 W2 WWFig. 3 WRKY33 directly activates BMVC Biological Activity 4OH-ICN biosynthetic genes. a qPCR evaluation of 4OH-ICN regulatory and biosynthetic genes in seedlings co-treated with 20 M dex and Psta for 9 and 12 h. Various letters denote statistically significant differences (P 0.05, one-factor ANOVA coupled to Tukey’s test). Lowercase and uppercase letters denote comparisons across 9 and 12 h time points, respectively. Information represent mean SE of four, five, 4, five (9 h) and 6, six, six, 5 (12 h) replicates of 15 2 seedlings each. b Schematic of FOX1 and CYP82C2 loci, indicating nt positions of W-box-containing regions (W). c ChIP-PCR analysis of W-box-containing regions upstream of FOX1 and CYP82C2 in wrky33DEX:WRKY33-flag plants co-treated with 20 M dex (D) or mock remedy (M) and Psta for 9 h. Dashed line represents the fivefold cutoff in between weak and sturdy TF-DNA interactions. Data represent median SE of 4 replicates of 15 two seedlings every single. Supply data of Figs. 3a and 3c are provided as a Supply Information file(Supplementary Fig. 5c ), a W-box area that also does not contain any WRKY33-specific motifs. WRKY33 reportedly binds to a area encompassing W1 in response to flg2231,49 and Psta31. These findings recommend that WRKY33 might use W-box extended motifs or option specificity motifs to target camalexin biosynthetic genes in response to pathogen effectors, or 4OHICN biosynthetic genes in response to MAMPs or fungal pathogens. CYP82C2 underwent regulatory neofunctionalization. CYP82C2 catalyzes the last step in 4OH-ICN biosynthesis, hydroxylating ICN to kind 4OH-ICN23, and probably was the last 4OH-ICN pathway gene to be recruited towards the WRKY33 regulon inside a. thaliana. To discover the phylogenetic distribution pattern of 4OH-ICN biosynthesis, we profiled ICN and 4OH-ICN metabolites in close and distant relatives of A. thaliana in response to Psta. Even though ICN biosynthesis was observed across multiple close relatives, 4OH-ICN was only detected in a. thaliana (Fig. 4a and Supplementary Fig. 6a). This outcome suggests that 4OH-ICNmanifests a species-specific diversification of pathogen-inducible Trp-derived metabolism in the mustard family. Inside a. thaliana, CYP82C2 resides inside a near-tandem cluster with paralogs CYP82C3 and CYP82C4 (Fig. 4b). We performed phylogenetic and syntenic analyses to determine putative CYP82C2 orthologs inside a clade inclusive of ICN-synthesizing species. All identified homologs are syntenic to CYP82C2 or CYP.
