To CCT251545 site violence and some elements of emotional and physiological functioning are
To violence and some elements of emotional and physiological functioning aren’t just linear, as normally studied, but comply with a lot more complicated curvilinear patterns. The presence of such curvilinear patterns may possibly enable clarify preceding null or inconsistent findings, as we showed for empathy. Thus, to a lot more accurately represent the function of exposure to violence in adaptive and maladaptive outcomes, future investigation really should incorporate extra complex, nonlinear models. Additionally, investigation should really continue to systematically evaluate gender variations inside the effects of exposure to violence.J Youth Adolesc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 206 Might 0.Mrug et al.PageLimitations and Future DirectionsAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptThe findings of this study need to be interpreted within the context of its limitations. The crosssectional style on the study doesn’t permit causal inferences regarding the relationships in between exposure to violence and PTSD symptoms, empathy, fantasy and baseline physiological functioning. Stronger inferences could possibly be drawn from experimental research that manipulate exposure to reallife or film violence, longitudinal studies that track exposure to violence, emotional functioning and physiological arousal over time, and quasiexperimental research that evaluate folks differentially exposed to random violence (e.g terrorist attacks). Yet another limitation of this study is definitely the exclusion of video game violence, which has been linked a lot more extensively with PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190233 emotional and physiological desensitization (Carnagey et al. 2007; Bushman and Anderson 2009). This exclusion was done on purpose to enable a focus on extra passive types of violent media exposure and to parallel the exposure to violent movie clips inside the lab. As recommended by some analysis (Funk et al. 2003), the far more active procedure of playing violent videogames may have stronger effects on desensitization than the extra passive watching of violent movies. Much more investigation is needed to straight compare these diverse types of violent media, especially in experimental research. The differences involving reallife and film violence could partly reflect the various timeframe for every single type of exposure (lifetime for reallife violence, recent for TVmovie violence); future studies would benefit from employing additional comparable timeframes (e.g past year for each). Our assessment of emotional and physiological functioning also was somewhat limited. Future research would benefit from like measures of much more generalized emotional distress (e.g depressive symptoms, basic anxiety), both common and aggressive fantasies, PTSD symptom clusters and dissociation. Similarly, the inclusion of extra physiological measures with wellelaborated hyperlinks to affective processing mechanisms and (e.g skin conductance, cortisol, startle) would let a extra refined evaluation of how physiological processes are impacted by exposure to violence. Lastly, neuroimaging is definitely an added promising avenue for much better understanding with the influence of exposure to violence on cognitions, feelings and behavior (Bartholow et al. 2006; Matthews et al. 2005). While our sample of college students was racially diverse, the outcomes might not generalize to young adults not attending college, males (who were somewhat underrepresented inside the sample), and highrisk or clinical populations. The reactivity analyses had been limited by smaller sized sample size (half with the original sample) which decreased power t.
