5 (0.30, 0.61) BX795MedChemExpress BX795 MK-8742 solubility Griffiths 0 G1 (110.9 ?5) = Gc (112.7) 0.12 + 0 0 + 0 0 G1 (111.0) = Gc (109.4) G1 (106.4) < Gc (113.3) G1 (112.8) = Gc (114.1) G1 (114.8) = Gc (115.6) No group means given G1 (109.3) = Gc (114.0) No group means given G1 (105.7) < Gc (114.5) * 0.58 (0.28, 0.89) 0.31 (0.01, 0.62) -0.11 (-0.41, 0.20) 0.46 (0.15, 0.76) 0.09 (-0.22, 0.39) 0.05 (-0.25, 0.36)Notes: RCT (Randomized controlled trial); Effect size d (Standardized mean difference, SMD); SD (standard deviation); ID (iodine deficiency): iodine status of area/population in studies of Bongers-Schokking et al. [74], Rovet et al. [76,77], and Tillotson et al. [78], not provided; KI (Potassium iodide); PW (Pregnant women); W (women of child bearing age); CH (Congenital hypothyroidism); G1, G2, ..., Gc (Group 1, Group 2, ..., Group control); UIE (Urinary iodine excretion); T4 or tT4 (Thyroxine); fT4 (free thyroxine); T3 or tT3 (triiodothyronine); tT3 (free triiodothyronine); TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone); TPOAb (Thyroid peroxidase antibody); Tg (Thyroglobuline); TBG (Thyroxine binding globulin); BII (Butanol insoluble iodine); TI (serum iodine); PBI (Protein-bound iodine); BEI (Butanol extractable iodine); Outcome: + significant group difference, 0 no significant group difference; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.Nutrients 2013, 5 3.4.1. Intervention RCTIn a double blind RCT in Peru, Pretell et al. [50] found that children from women supplemented prior to conception with a single dose of 95 to 950 mg of iodized oil did not differ in their scores on the Brunet-L?zine and Stanford-Binet from children of the control group whose mothers received a placebo (Estimated mean 80.0 vs. 75.0; ns, d = 0.41). In the double blind RCT from the DR Congo, Thilly et al. [52?5] found that supplementation during the second and third trimester with a single dose of 475 mg of iodine resulted in a statistically significant difference in children's mental outcome compared to the placebo control group (Mean 115 vs. 103; p < 0.01, d = 0.99). The average effect size from these two double blind RCT was d = 0.68. The reporting of study details by Pretell et al. [50] in Peru suggests that participants were randomized but there is no detail on blinding or concealment of allocation. There also appeared to be a post-hoc selection of children whose mothers received iodine prior to conception. In the study by Thilly et al. [52?5], pregnant women were randomly allocated to condition and both participants and researchers were blind to treatment. The analysis excluded children between 24 and 36 months of age and the researchers reported a 40 lost-to-follow-up. Both of the analyses reported here appear to be based on intention-to-treat. 3.4.2. Intervention Non-RCT Results from eight intervention studies where groups and individuals were not randomly assigned yielded mixed results. Overall differences were greater when supplementation occurred prior to gestation or during the first two trimesters of pregnancy; results are reported by timing of intervention. Supplementation Prior to or Early in Pregnancy vs. Control. Seven out of the eight non-randomized group studies compared children of mothers supplemented prior to or early in pregnancy with a control group who did not receive iodine during pregnancy. Studies with positive outcomes are described first. For example, a non-randomized study in Ecuador by Fierro-Benitez et al. [60] indicated that children of women supplemented prior to gestation had a g.5 (0.30, 0.61) Griffiths 0 G1 (110.9 ?5) = Gc (112.7) 0.12 + 0 0 + 0 0 G1 (111.0) = Gc (109.4) G1 (106.4) < Gc (113.3) G1 (112.8) = Gc (114.1) G1 (114.8) = Gc (115.6) No group means given G1 (109.3) = Gc (114.0) No group means given G1 (105.7) < Gc (114.5) * 0.58 (0.28, 0.89) 0.31 (0.01, 0.62) -0.11 (-0.41, 0.20) 0.46 (0.15, 0.76) 0.09 (-0.22, 0.39) 0.05 (-0.25, 0.36)Notes: RCT (Randomized controlled trial); Effect size d (Standardized mean difference, SMD); SD (standard deviation); ID (iodine deficiency): iodine status of area/population in studies of Bongers-Schokking et al. [74], Rovet et al. [76,77], and Tillotson et al. [78], not provided; KI (Potassium iodide); PW (Pregnant women); W (women of child bearing age); CH (Congenital hypothyroidism); G1, G2, ..., Gc (Group 1, Group 2, ..., Group control); UIE (Urinary iodine excretion); T4 or tT4 (Thyroxine); fT4 (free thyroxine); T3 or tT3 (triiodothyronine); tT3 (free triiodothyronine); TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone); TPOAb (Thyroid peroxidase antibody); Tg (Thyroglobuline); TBG (Thyroxine binding globulin); BII (Butanol insoluble iodine); TI (serum iodine); PBI (Protein-bound iodine); BEI (Butanol extractable iodine); Outcome: + significant group difference, 0 no significant group difference; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.Nutrients 2013, 5 3.4.1. Intervention RCTIn a double blind RCT in Peru, Pretell et al. [50] found that children from women supplemented prior to conception with a single dose of 95 to 950 mg of iodized oil did not differ in their scores on the Brunet-L?zine and Stanford-Binet from children of the control group whose mothers received a placebo (Estimated mean 80.0 vs. 75.0; ns, d = 0.41). In the double blind RCT from the DR Congo, Thilly et al. [52?5] found that supplementation during the second and third trimester with a single dose of 475 mg of iodine resulted in a statistically significant difference in children's mental outcome compared to the placebo control group (Mean 115 vs. 103; p < 0.01, d = 0.99). The average effect size from these two double blind RCT was d = 0.68. The reporting of study details by Pretell et al. [50] in Peru suggests that participants were randomized but there is no detail on blinding or concealment of allocation. There also appeared to be a post-hoc selection of children whose mothers received iodine prior to conception. In the study by Thilly et al. [52?5], pregnant women were randomly allocated to condition and both participants and researchers were blind to treatment. The analysis excluded children between 24 and 36 months of age and the researchers reported a 40 lost-to-follow-up. Both of the analyses reported here appear to be based on intention-to-treat. 3.4.2. Intervention Non-RCT Results from eight intervention studies where groups and individuals were not randomly assigned yielded mixed results. Overall differences were greater when supplementation occurred prior to gestation or during the first two trimesters of pregnancy; results are reported by timing of intervention. Supplementation Prior to or Early in Pregnancy vs. Control. Seven out of the eight non-randomized group studies compared children of mothers supplemented prior to or early in pregnancy with a control group who did not receive iodine during pregnancy. Studies with positive outcomes are described first. For example, a non-randomized study in Ecuador by Fierro-Benitez et al. [60] indicated that children of women supplemented prior to gestation had a g.
