Revealed greater activation in bilateral anterior insula and central operculum during the trust game followed by cold relative to warm temperature (Table 3; Figure 5). In addition, right VMPFC, right primary somatosensory cortex, right premotor cortex and right primary motor cortex were also more active during the decisionFig. 2 Brain regions that showed greater activation during experience of cold than neutral temperature. Bilateral insular-opercular cortex showed uniquely greater activation than baseline.Table 2 Brain regions that were sensitive to warm and cold temperatures: activity contrast between warmth and L-660711 sodium salt price coldness (Z threshold ?2.4, P < 0.05)Region of activation Warm (-neutral) > Cold (-neutral) PCC Inferior medial frontal Cold (-neutral) > Warm (-neutral) R Primary somatosensory Temporal pole R Insula/Central operculum PCC, posterior cingulate cortex. Quinagolide (hydrochloride) mechanism of action voxels 997 519 983 422 414 X 0 0 38 42 38 Y ?4 56 ?0 ? ?4 Z 22 ? 46 ?8 18 Zmax 4.17 3.64 3.36 4.59 3.(Figure 2). Such activation was absent in response to warm temperature relative to a neutral temperature baseline. Second, we contrasted cold and warm conditions directly. Across two runs, regions that were more active in response to cold than neutral, and warmth than neutral were subtracted from each other. Consistent with previous findings ?(Davis et al., 1998; Craig et al., 2000; Maihofner et al., 2002), cold recruited greater activation near posterior insularopercular regions than warmth (Table 2). Regions near bilateral insular-opercular cortex, temporal pole and right primary somatosesory were more active during cold perception,SCAN (2011)Y Kang et al. .Table 3 Brain regions showing greater activation during decision phase of a trust game after temperature manipulation (Z threshold ?2.4, P < 0.05)Region of activation After warm > baseline Local maxima OC ACC L thalamus L DLPFC After cold > baseline OC ACC L thalamus L DLPFC Premotor L insula/central operculum After cold > after warm R VMPFC R primary somatosensory L insula R premotor Central operculum R primary motor R insula VMPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Voxels 15 656 588 413 19 731 3373 738 661 615 527 45 35 27 19 16 10 10 9 6 ?2 6 ?2 ?0 ? 6 ?0 ?0 34 ?2 16 32 16 ?2 22 8 ?8 4 30 ?0 10 ?8 38 ?0 12 ?2 42 ? 12 54 ?8 ?8 10 ?4 ?2 ?4 ?6 18 20 42 ? 26 30 40 ? 24 50 4 10 58 74 ?2 56 52 8 58 ?2 5.49 5.32 4.22 3.81 6.19 5.28 4.33 4.14 4.66 4.21 3.16 2.90 2.87 2.88 2.81 2.61 2.79 2.81 2.77 X Y Z ZmaxFig. 5 Contrast between brain activations during the decision phases of trust game after cold and warm experiences.ROI (i.e. in the left-anterior insular-opercular cluster that was active during the decision phase of trust game after touching a cold pack, MNI coordinates: ?4, 14, 6, 480 voxels, P ?0.035, Zmax ?4.04). Within the ROI, activation was greater during decision phase after cold (M ?1.16, s.d. ?0.84) than during the decision phase after warm (M ?0.67, s.d. ?0.68), t(15) ?2.41, P < 0.05. Prior experience of cold elicited greater engagement of the insular ROI in subsequent trust decisions, as compared to after warmth. The effect of temperature on the amount of invested money was not significant in Study 2, and participants invested nearly equal amount of money in warm (M ?75 cents, s.d. ?0.18) and cold (M ?74 cents, s.d. ?0.17) conditions, t(15) ?0.20, P ?0.84. In addition, there was a ceiling effect, such that in the majority (76 ) of trust game trials, participants chose the 65 cents or 1 dollar options (M ?75 cents, s.d.Revealed greater activation in bilateral anterior insula and central operculum during the trust game followed by cold relative to warm temperature (Table 3; Figure 5). In addition, right VMPFC, right primary somatosensory cortex, right premotor cortex and right primary motor cortex were also more active during the decisionFig. 2 Brain regions that showed greater activation during experience of cold than neutral temperature. Bilateral insular-opercular cortex showed uniquely greater activation than baseline.Table 2 Brain regions that were sensitive to warm and cold temperatures: activity contrast between warmth and coldness (Z threshold ?2.4, P < 0.05)Region of activation Warm (-neutral) > Cold (-neutral) PCC Inferior medial frontal Cold (-neutral) > Warm (-neutral) R Primary somatosensory Temporal pole R Insula/Central operculum PCC, posterior cingulate cortex. Voxels 997 519 983 422 414 X 0 0 38 42 38 Y ?4 56 ?0 ? ?4 Z 22 ? 46 ?8 18 Zmax 4.17 3.64 3.36 4.59 3.(Figure 2). Such activation was absent in response to warm temperature relative to a neutral temperature baseline. Second, we contrasted cold and warm conditions directly. Across two runs, regions that were more active in response to cold than neutral, and warmth than neutral were subtracted from each other. Consistent with previous findings ?(Davis et al., 1998; Craig et al., 2000; Maihofner et al., 2002), cold recruited greater activation near posterior insularopercular regions than warmth (Table 2). Regions near bilateral insular-opercular cortex, temporal pole and right primary somatosesory were more active during cold perception,SCAN (2011)Y Kang et al. .Table 3 Brain regions showing greater activation during decision phase of a trust game after temperature manipulation (Z threshold ?2.4, P < 0.05)Region of activation After warm > baseline Local maxima OC ACC L thalamus L DLPFC After cold > baseline OC ACC L thalamus L DLPFC Premotor L insula/central operculum After cold > after warm R VMPFC R primary somatosensory L insula R premotor Central operculum R primary motor R insula VMPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Voxels 15 656 588 413 19 731 3373 738 661 615 527 45 35 27 19 16 10 10 9 6 ?2 6 ?2 ?0 ? 6 ?0 ?0 34 ?2 16 32 16 ?2 22 8 ?8 4 30 ?0 10 ?8 38 ?0 12 ?2 42 ? 12 54 ?8 ?8 10 ?4 ?2 ?4 ?6 18 20 42 ? 26 30 40 ? 24 50 4 10 58 74 ?2 56 52 8 58 ?2 5.49 5.32 4.22 3.81 6.19 5.28 4.33 4.14 4.66 4.21 3.16 2.90 2.87 2.88 2.81 2.61 2.79 2.81 2.77 X Y Z ZmaxFig. 5 Contrast between brain activations during the decision phases of trust game after cold and warm experiences.ROI (i.e. in the left-anterior insular-opercular cluster that was active during the decision phase of trust game after touching a cold pack, MNI coordinates: ?4, 14, 6, 480 voxels, P ?0.035, Zmax ?4.04). Within the ROI, activation was greater during decision phase after cold (M ?1.16, s.d. ?0.84) than during the decision phase after warm (M ?0.67, s.d. ?0.68), t(15) ?2.41, P < 0.05. Prior experience of cold elicited greater engagement of the insular ROI in subsequent trust decisions, as compared to after warmth. The effect of temperature on the amount of invested money was not significant in Study 2, and participants invested nearly equal amount of money in warm (M ?75 cents, s.d. ?0.18) and cold (M ?74 cents, s.d. ?0.17) conditions, t(15) ?0.20, P ?0.84. In addition, there was a ceiling effect, such that in the majority (76 ) of trust game trials, participants chose the 65 cents or 1 dollar options (M ?75 cents, s.d.
