924, pp. 210?13). Dawson focused attention on the thyroid gland because research on this gland was the most developed. He described how a lack of thyroid production led patients to become “dull, defective in emotional reaction, and torpid” and to experience mental impairments of “perception, order Olumacostat glasaretil memory and ideation.” These patients also exhibited dry skin, loss of hair, as well as less active bodily functions, low temperature, and a “feeble” pulse. Conversely, in cases where there was an overproduction of thyroid, patients experienced “anxiety and fear” and were “apprehensive and irritable.” Dawson argued that in certain cases, the patient’s restlessness progressed to “acute mania and death from profound toxemia and exhaustion.” In other cases “psychoses, such as melancholia or delusional states” could occur (Dawson, 1924, pp. 210?12). Drawing from this research, Dawson and other Maudsley doctors speculated that underproduction or overproduction of other glands could result in similar mental impairments or manias. For example, Dawson argued that lack of ovarian function led to “mental instability” and that disturbances of the ovaries during menstruation and the climacteric (menopause) led to “irritability and depression” (Dawson, 1924, p. 213). Theories of the relationship between the functions of the female body and insanity were commonplace in the late-nineteenth century. Categories such as “hysterical insanity” and “puerperal insanity” were used by influential doctors such as David Skae, physician superintendent of the Royal Edinburgh Asylum, and Thomas Clouston, lecturer on mental diseases at the University of Edinburgh (Clouston, 1883). In 1873, Clouston gave the Morisonian Lectures on Insanity using the work of David Skae to identify 35 different types of insanity, just over a quarter of which were specific to women, namely “nymphomania,” “hysterical insanity,” “amenorrheal insanity,” “post connubial insanity,” “puerperal insanity,” “insanity of lactation,” “insanity of 11-Deoxojervine chemical information pregnancy,” “climacteric insanity,” and “ovarian insanity” (Skae Clouston, 1873, p. 348). However, it was only during the 1920s–a crucial stage in the development of the disciplines of endocrinology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis–that new theories began to develop in the UK concerning sex hormones and their relationship to the workings of the mind.JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DOI 10.1002/jhbsBONNIE EVANS AND EDGAR JONESINSTINCTS, DRIVES, AND GLANDULAR EXTRACTS On February 10, 1922, Sir Frederick Mott gave a lecture to members of the British Medical Association entitled “The Reproductive Organs in Relation to Mental Disorders.” Mott was not only a critical figure in establishing the Maudsley Hospital, he was also a very influential lecturer and writer in physiology, pathology, and neurology and its relationship to clinical medicine. His early research work was carried out in Edward Sharpey-Schafer’s laboratory at University College where he investigated cerebral cortex localization and conduction paths in the spinal cord among other topics. His later work at the Central Pathological Laboratory was critical in establishing the relationship between syphilitic infection and general paralysis of the insane (Anon., 1926; Sharpey-Schafer, 2004). Mott’s contributions to neurology were wide-ranging, for example, he gave his Croonian lectures on the doctrine of the neurone and his Oliver Sharpey lectures on cerebrospinal fluid. He also wrote one volume.924, pp. 210?13). Dawson focused attention on the thyroid gland because research on this gland was the most developed. He described how a lack of thyroid production led patients to become “dull, defective in emotional reaction, and torpid” and to experience mental impairments of “perception, memory and ideation.” These patients also exhibited dry skin, loss of hair, as well as less active bodily functions, low temperature, and a “feeble” pulse. Conversely, in cases where there was an overproduction of thyroid, patients experienced “anxiety and fear” and were “apprehensive and irritable.” Dawson argued that in certain cases, the patient’s restlessness progressed to “acute mania and death from profound toxemia and exhaustion.” In other cases “psychoses, such as melancholia or delusional states” could occur (Dawson, 1924, pp. 210?12). Drawing from this research, Dawson and other Maudsley doctors speculated that underproduction or overproduction of other glands could result in similar mental impairments or manias. For example, Dawson argued that lack of ovarian function led to “mental instability” and that disturbances of the ovaries during menstruation and the climacteric (menopause) led to “irritability and depression” (Dawson, 1924, p. 213). Theories of the relationship between the functions of the female body and insanity were commonplace in the late-nineteenth century. Categories such as “hysterical insanity” and “puerperal insanity” were used by influential doctors such as David Skae, physician superintendent of the Royal Edinburgh Asylum, and Thomas Clouston, lecturer on mental diseases at the University of Edinburgh (Clouston, 1883). In 1873, Clouston gave the Morisonian Lectures on Insanity using the work of David Skae to identify 35 different types of insanity, just over a quarter of which were specific to women, namely “nymphomania,” “hysterical insanity,” “amenorrheal insanity,” “post connubial insanity,” “puerperal insanity,” “insanity of lactation,” “insanity of pregnancy,” “climacteric insanity,” and “ovarian insanity” (Skae Clouston, 1873, p. 348). However, it was only during the 1920s–a crucial stage in the development of the disciplines of endocrinology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis–that new theories began to develop in the UK concerning sex hormones and their relationship to the workings of the mind.JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DOI 10.1002/jhbsBONNIE EVANS AND EDGAR JONESINSTINCTS, DRIVES, AND GLANDULAR EXTRACTS On February 10, 1922, Sir Frederick Mott gave a lecture to members of the British Medical Association entitled “The Reproductive Organs in Relation to Mental Disorders.” Mott was not only a critical figure in establishing the Maudsley Hospital, he was also a very influential lecturer and writer in physiology, pathology, and neurology and its relationship to clinical medicine. His early research work was carried out in Edward Sharpey-Schafer’s laboratory at University College where he investigated cerebral cortex localization and conduction paths in the spinal cord among other topics. His later work at the Central Pathological Laboratory was critical in establishing the relationship between syphilitic infection and general paralysis of the insane (Anon., 1926; Sharpey-Schafer, 2004). Mott’s contributions to neurology were wide-ranging, for example, he gave his Croonian lectures on the doctrine of the neurone and his Oliver Sharpey lectures on cerebrospinal fluid. He also wrote one volume.
