In Parkinson’s DiseaseSejdi 2014 [20]PD = 10 (65 years) Neuropathy = 11 (65 years) Control = 14 (65 years)Sekine 2004 [21]PD = 11 (66?.6) Control = 10 (66.3 ?.3)10 /Table 1. (Continued) Disease Severity Sensor Type (Placement) 3D Accelerometer Freq: 1024 Hz L5/ S1 region Vertical patterns Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Circular patterns Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) ZM241385 mechanism of action horizontal patterns Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Gait Controls did not differ significantly from the mild or severe PD groups for AP, ML or VT vertical patterns. Circular patterns were different between the groups, with both mild and severe PD participants having larger values than controls in the AP and VT directions, while severe PD patients also had higher AP circular patterns than mild PD patients. Severe PD patients had FT011MedChemExpress FT011 greater short horizontal patterns than controls in all three directions and lower long horizontal patterns in the AP and VT than controls. Severe PD patients also had greater short horizontal patterns in the AP, ML, VT than mild PD patients and mild PD patients had lower values than controls for long horizontal patterns in the AP and VT directions. Stride timing variability was not significantly different between PD and controls, but variability significantly decreased for both groups as walking velocity increased. Continuous relative phase was also larger for controls compared with PD patients between walking speeds of 0.2 and 1.4 m/s. Gait Stride timing variability was significantly higher for PD patients compared with healthy controls. Similarly, the width of the dominant harmonic of the power spectral density of the locomotor band of the acceleration signal was significantly greater for PD patients, both on and off medication, compared with controls. Furthermore, the width of the dominant harmonic was greater for patients when off medication compared with on medication. (Continued) Postural Stability Measures Modality Findings Disease Duration (Years) Not ReportedArticleExperimental Groups N (Mean Age ?SD) Hoehn Yahr Mild PD = 1? Severe PD = 3?PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123705 April 20, 2015 Hoehn Yahr PD = 1.5 ?.6 UPDRS III PD = 16.7?.2 PD 2.3 ?.4 Stride timing variability Relative phase analysis Gait 1D Accelerometer Freq: 104 Hz Shank Hoehn Yahr PD = 2.5?.4 UPDRS III PD = 23.6?.4 PD 4.8 ?.8 3D Accelerometer Freq: 256 Hz Lower back Stride timing variability Width of the dominant harmonic Wearable Sensors for Assessing Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s DiseaseSekine 2004 [34]Mild PD = 11 (66.0 ?.6) Severe PD = 5 (57.4?9.1) Control = 10 (66.3 ?.3)van Emmerik 1999 [29]PD = 27 (53.7 ?0.6) Control = 11 (not reported)Weiss 2011 [22]PD = 22 (65.9?.9) Control = 17 (69.9 ?.8)11 /Table 1. (Continued) Disease Severity Sensor Type (Placement) 3D Accelerometer Freq: Not reported Lower back Harmonic ratio (HR) Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Stride regularity Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Width of dominant frequency Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Gait Freezers had decreased AP, ML and VT harmonic ratios and stride regularity compared with non-freezers. PD freezers also had a significantly greater width of the dominant frequency in the VT and AP directions. Harmonic ratios and stride regularity were significantly correlated with the new freezing of gait questionnaire (NFOG-Q) and the width of the dominant frequency i.In Parkinson’s DiseaseSejdi 2014 [20]PD = 10 (65 years) Neuropathy = 11 (65 years) Control = 14 (65 years)Sekine 2004 [21]PD = 11 (66?.6) Control = 10 (66.3 ?.3)10 /Table 1. (Continued) Disease Severity Sensor Type (Placement) 3D Accelerometer Freq: 1024 Hz L5/ S1 region Vertical patterns Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Circular patterns Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Horizontal patterns Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Gait Controls did not differ significantly from the mild or severe PD groups for AP, ML or VT vertical patterns. Circular patterns were different between the groups, with both mild and severe PD participants having larger values than controls in the AP and VT directions, while severe PD patients also had higher AP circular patterns than mild PD patients. Severe PD patients had greater short horizontal patterns than controls in all three directions and lower long horizontal patterns in the AP and VT than controls. Severe PD patients also had greater short horizontal patterns in the AP, ML, VT than mild PD patients and mild PD patients had lower values than controls for long horizontal patterns in the AP and VT directions. Stride timing variability was not significantly different between PD and controls, but variability significantly decreased for both groups as walking velocity increased. Continuous relative phase was also larger for controls compared with PD patients between walking speeds of 0.2 and 1.4 m/s. Gait Stride timing variability was significantly higher for PD patients compared with healthy controls. Similarly, the width of the dominant harmonic of the power spectral density of the locomotor band of the acceleration signal was significantly greater for PD patients, both on and off medication, compared with controls. Furthermore, the width of the dominant harmonic was greater for patients when off medication compared with on medication. (Continued) Postural Stability Measures Modality Findings Disease Duration (Years) Not ReportedArticleExperimental Groups N (Mean Age ?SD) Hoehn Yahr Mild PD = 1? Severe PD = 3?PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0123705 April 20, 2015 Hoehn Yahr PD = 1.5 ?.6 UPDRS III PD = 16.7?.2 PD 2.3 ?.4 Stride timing variability Relative phase analysis Gait 1D Accelerometer Freq: 104 Hz Shank Hoehn Yahr PD = 2.5?.4 UPDRS III PD = 23.6?.4 PD 4.8 ?.8 3D Accelerometer Freq: 256 Hz Lower back Stride timing variability Width of the dominant harmonic Wearable Sensors for Assessing Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s DiseaseSekine 2004 [34]Mild PD = 11 (66.0 ?.6) Severe PD = 5 (57.4?9.1) Control = 10 (66.3 ?.3)van Emmerik 1999 [29]PD = 27 (53.7 ?0.6) Control = 11 (not reported)Weiss 2011 [22]PD = 22 (65.9?.9) Control = 17 (69.9 ?.8)11 /Table 1. (Continued) Disease Severity Sensor Type (Placement) 3D Accelerometer Freq: Not reported Lower back Harmonic ratio (HR) Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Stride regularity Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Width of dominant frequency Anteroposterior (AP) Mediolateral (ML) Vertical (VT) Gait Freezers had decreased AP, ML and VT harmonic ratios and stride regularity compared with non-freezers. PD freezers also had a significantly greater width of the dominant frequency in the VT and AP directions. Harmonic ratios and stride regularity were significantly correlated with the new freezing of gait questionnaire (NFOG-Q) and the width of the dominant frequency i.
