For all the symptom clusters in multivariable models. The association of higher levels of hyperarousal symptoms with poorer SQOL has already been reported in smaller samples of people with PTSD [9?1]. This association may be explained in light of the specific types of symptoms included in hyperarousal cluster. Sleeping difficulties and recurrent nightmares may significantly reduce levels of satisfaction with physical and psychological health and are particularly resistant to treatment [31?2]. Hypervigilance and irritability could pose difficulties in family and social relationship [33] and difficulties in concentration may reduce work and personal functioning [34]. The findings of this study show that the improvement of these very distressing symptoms is associated with better SQOL, independently from changes in other symptom clusters. On the other hand, in our study, avoidance and intrusion levels did not show a significant association with SQOL in multivariable models. Avoidance may even work as a coping strategy, temporarily reducing discomfort and limiting severe dissatisfaction with quality of life [35?6]. Similarly, people with PTSD might deal with the recurrence of intrusive image or thoughts by avoiding “triggering” events or conditions, trying to distract themselves or even adopting unhealthy behaviours like alcohol and benzodiazepines abuse [37]; this may reduce the impact of intrusion symptom Triptorelin custom synthesis cluster on 58-49-1 subjective quality of life. The enduring discomfort related to high levels of hyperarousal symptoms and the related generalized anxiety may be more difficult to cope with than the more specific anxiety captured in some intrusion and avoidance symptoms [38] and lead to a negative impact on SQOL. Finally, our 15481974 results suggest that a poorer SQOL, which may be due to psychosocial factors (unemployment, social isolation, economic problems, etc.), might influence the level of hyperarousalStrenghts and LimitationsThis is the largest longitudinal study to date assessing SQOL in people with PTSD. The sample of Balkan residents can be considered representative for war affected people in the participating countries. Consistent assessment methods were used across eight countries and the samples included both civilians and people who actively participated in the war. Standardized instruments for measuring PTSD symptoms and SQOL were administered face to face by trained researchers. Interrated reliability between research workers was excellent (90 ). Findings in the two samples were consistent, although they differ in their characteristics and live in a different context. There are also limitations: 1) Refugees’ sample cannot be considered representative. However, the data protection legislation and the absence of complete data registers in the Western European countries do not allow for fully representative sampling of refugees, and the results in refugees are consistent with those in Balkan residents, indicating an overall validity; 2) The associations identified in this analysis might be explained by confounding factors that have not been assessed in the study (i.e. genetic and biological factors); 3) The cross-lagged analysis shows how different scores follow each other, but does not establish causality; 4) Not all participants interviewed at baseline were followed up and there is no data on the changes of PTSD symptoms and SQOL in those who were not followed up. We cannot rule out that a selection bias may have influenced the results,.For all the symptom clusters in multivariable models. The association of higher levels of hyperarousal symptoms with poorer SQOL has already been reported in smaller samples of people with PTSD [9?1]. This association may be explained in light of the specific types of symptoms included in hyperarousal cluster. Sleeping difficulties and recurrent nightmares may significantly reduce levels of satisfaction with physical and psychological health and are particularly resistant to treatment [31?2]. Hypervigilance and irritability could pose difficulties in family and social relationship [33] and difficulties in concentration may reduce work and personal functioning [34]. The findings of this study show that the improvement of these very distressing symptoms is associated with better SQOL, independently from changes in other symptom clusters. On the other hand, in our study, avoidance and intrusion levels did not show a significant association with SQOL in multivariable models. Avoidance may even work as a coping strategy, temporarily reducing discomfort and limiting severe dissatisfaction with quality of life [35?6]. Similarly, people with PTSD might deal with the recurrence of intrusive image or thoughts by avoiding “triggering” events or conditions, trying to distract themselves or even adopting unhealthy behaviours like alcohol and benzodiazepines abuse [37]; this may reduce the impact of intrusion symptom cluster on subjective quality of life. The enduring discomfort related to high levels of hyperarousal symptoms and the related generalized anxiety may be more difficult to cope with than the more specific anxiety captured in some intrusion and avoidance symptoms [38] and lead to a negative impact on SQOL. Finally, our 15481974 results suggest that a poorer SQOL, which may be due to psychosocial factors (unemployment, social isolation, economic problems, etc.), might influence the level of hyperarousalStrenghts and LimitationsThis is the largest longitudinal study to date assessing SQOL in people with PTSD. The sample of Balkan residents can be considered representative for war affected people in the participating countries. Consistent assessment methods were used across eight countries and the samples included both civilians and people who actively participated in the war. Standardized instruments for measuring PTSD symptoms and SQOL were administered face to face by trained researchers. Interrated reliability between research workers was excellent (90 ). Findings in the two samples were consistent, although they differ in their characteristics and live in a different context. There are also limitations: 1) Refugees’ sample cannot be considered representative. However, the data protection legislation and the absence of complete data registers in the Western European countries do not allow for fully representative sampling of refugees, and the results in refugees are consistent with those in Balkan residents, indicating an overall validity; 2) The associations identified in this analysis might be explained by confounding factors that have not been assessed in the study (i.e. genetic and biological factors); 3) The cross-lagged analysis shows how different scores follow each other, but does not establish causality; 4) Not all participants interviewed at baseline were followed up and there is no data on the changes of PTSD symptoms and SQOL in those who were not followed up. We cannot rule out that a selection bias may have influenced the results,.
