Compounds and impair their antioxidant capacity, 40 ethanol was used for subsequent RSM to optimize extraction conditions [23].as was needed to reach equilibrium between the solution in the plant material of 1317923 C. cyrtophyllum as the bulk ethanol solution. Prolonging extraction times may allow recovered phenolic compounds to decompose. The optimum extraction time for antioxidant compounds varied with antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant capacity, measured with ABTS, peaked at 80 min. Antioxidant capacities may not be solely attributable to scavenging a single group of radicals, but may be due to the scavenging of ABTS radicals, DPPH radicals, or both. Because little differences were observed in phenolic yields extracted over 80 min and 100 min, even accounting for extraction efficiency and energy costs, an extraction time of 80 11967625 min was used for RSM.Effects of temperatureHeat can release large amounts of phenolic compounds in some cases, as described by Silva et al [23]. Here, incubation temperatures for phenolic antioxidant recovery were between 30?0uC (40 ethanol, 80 min extraction time). A direct relationship was observed between the extraction temperature and TPC recovery, as shown in Fig. 1C. With respect to TFC recovery, and ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging capacity, the extraction temperature was optimal at 70, 60, and 60uC, respectively. Increased temperature led to increases of cavitation bubble number, surface contact area and decreases of solvent media Title Title Loaded From File Loaded From File viscosity and density. These factors favored the release of phenolics from plant material and plant cell decomposition, enhancing solubility and diffusion coefficients [25]. According to the equilibrium principle, elevated temperature improved the extraction rate and reduced the extraction time required for maximum phenolic recovery. Increasing temperature may accelerate the transfer of phenolic compounds in C. cyrtophyllum and disrupt plant cellular constituents which may lead to increased cell membrane permeability. Also, elevated temperatures may not be suitable for all phenolic compounds, and higher proportions of thermally stable phenolic compounds might be more appropriate to extract under elevated temperatures. The TFC recovery was maximized at 70uC, an advantage likely offset by the decomposition of some thermally unstable flavonoids. Similar phenomena were observed with respect to antioxidant capacity, which peaked at 60uC, and then declined moderately with further increases in temperature. This may be ascribed to the denaturation of some thermo-sensitive non-phenolic antioxidants that can be mobilized at lower temperatures [26]. Considering the industrial efficiency requirements as well as accounting for inherent compromises between antioxidant yieldEffects of extraction timeExtraction time was important in obtaining phenolic extracts capable of scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals. With 40 ethanol, extraction times from 20 to 120 min and an extraction temperature of 60uC were studied. As shown in Fig. 1B, the extraction time affected TPC and TFC significantly, but the antioxidant capability did not vary visibly. TPC and TFC yield from the extract and DPPH radical-scavenging capacity was enhanced with a longer extraction time, peaking at 100 min, after which values decreased slightly. This effect may be attributable to the time required for dissolution and diffusion of these compounds from the plant cell membrane into the solvent media by ultrasonic cavitation [12]. Recovery.Compounds and impair their antioxidant capacity, 40 ethanol was used for subsequent RSM to optimize extraction conditions [23].as was needed to reach equilibrium between the solution in the plant material of 1317923 C. cyrtophyllum as the bulk ethanol solution. Prolonging extraction times may allow recovered phenolic compounds to decompose. The optimum extraction time for antioxidant compounds varied with antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant capacity, measured with ABTS, peaked at 80 min. Antioxidant capacities may not be solely attributable to scavenging a single group of radicals, but may be due to the scavenging of ABTS radicals, DPPH radicals, or both. Because little differences were observed in phenolic yields extracted over 80 min and 100 min, even accounting for extraction efficiency and energy costs, an extraction time of 80 11967625 min was used for RSM.Effects of temperatureHeat can release large amounts of phenolic compounds in some cases, as described by Silva et al [23]. Here, incubation temperatures for phenolic antioxidant recovery were between 30?0uC (40 ethanol, 80 min extraction time). A direct relationship was observed between the extraction temperature and TPC recovery, as shown in Fig. 1C. With respect to TFC recovery, and ABTS and DPPH radical-scavenging capacity, the extraction temperature was optimal at 70, 60, and 60uC, respectively. Increased temperature led to increases of cavitation bubble number, surface contact area and decreases of solvent media viscosity and density. These factors favored the release of phenolics from plant material and plant cell decomposition, enhancing solubility and diffusion coefficients [25]. According to the equilibrium principle, elevated temperature improved the extraction rate and reduced the extraction time required for maximum phenolic recovery. Increasing temperature may accelerate the transfer of phenolic compounds in C. cyrtophyllum and disrupt plant cellular constituents which may lead to increased cell membrane permeability. Also, elevated temperatures may not be suitable for all phenolic compounds, and higher proportions of thermally stable phenolic compounds might be more appropriate to extract under elevated temperatures. The TFC recovery was maximized at 70uC, an advantage likely offset by the decomposition of some thermally unstable flavonoids. Similar phenomena were observed with respect to antioxidant capacity, which peaked at 60uC, and then declined moderately with further increases in temperature. This may be ascribed to the denaturation of some thermo-sensitive non-phenolic antioxidants that can be mobilized at lower temperatures [26]. Considering the industrial efficiency requirements as well as accounting for inherent compromises between antioxidant yieldEffects of extraction timeExtraction time was important in obtaining phenolic extracts capable of scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals. With 40 ethanol, extraction times from 20 to 120 min and an extraction temperature of 60uC were studied. As shown in Fig. 1B, the extraction time affected TPC and TFC significantly, but the antioxidant capability did not vary visibly. TPC and TFC yield from the extract and DPPH radical-scavenging capacity was enhanced with a longer extraction time, peaking at 100 min, after which values decreased slightly. This effect may be attributable to the time required for dissolution and diffusion of these compounds from the plant cell membrane into the solvent media by ultrasonic cavitation [12]. Recovery.
