Autophagy Nsformation. Wilcoxon-test was used to test if the mediansPatients N Age (years) Medication (CPZ) Smoking (yes/no) PANSS positive PANSS negative 13 35.0 (8.13)Controls 13 35.4 (8.17)t/xpt = 0.120, df = 24 ?x2 1317923 = 5.571, df = 1 ??????0.905 ?0.018* ??????707.0 (597.62) ?69; 31 15.46 (4.93) 18.39 (6.25) 23; 77 ??????SANS composite score 31.31 (15.39) BRMS HAMD 17 CDSS-G 6.31 (3.77) 8.69 (4.07) 3.15 (3.11)Data presented as or mean 6 SD. Abbreviations: CPZ, Chlorpromazine Dose Equivalence Ratios; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; BRMS, Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, CDSS-G, Calgary Depression Rating Scale for Schizophrenia. *p,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068650.tSerotonergic Dysfunction in Negative SymptomsTable 2. LDAEP mean values in left and right hemisphere and Cz electrode across groups.Wald x2 (df) Sig 7.791 (1) 0.005*Table 4. Associations between left-hemispheric LDAEP values and clinical characteristics among patients.Wald x2 (df) Sig 4.681 (1) 1.935 (1) 0.320 (1) 0.004 (1) 0.030* 0.164 0.572 0.950 0.026* 0.436 0.731 0.261 0.004* 0.828 0.085 0.000* 0.499 0.000*Hemisphere LeftGroup Controls PatientsMean 1.060 1.450 0.905 1.234 0.150 0.95 CI 0.894?.258 1.230?.710 0.781?.050 1.073?.420 0.116?.194 0.105?.Measures CPZ PANSS positiveB 0.173 20.091 20.95 -CI 0.160; 0.331 20.219; 0.037 20.275; 0.152 20.237; 0.RightControls Patients10.094 (1)0.001*PANSS negativePANSS composite 1315463 score 20.007 0.057 (1) 0.811 PANSS general SANS Affect SANS Alogia SANS Avolition SANS Anhedonia SANS Attention 20.159 20.073 20.048 20.120 20.219 20.CzControls Patients20.299; 20.019 4.962 (1) 20.256; 0.110 20.319; 0.224 20.329; 0.089 0.607 (1) 0.118 (1) 1.263 (1)Results are adjusted for age and nicotine use. *p,0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068650.t20.367; 20.071 8.406 (1) 20.276; 0.221 20.294; 0.019 0.047 (1) 2.970 (1)scales showed lower LDAEP (Table 4). As shown in Table 3 and 4 all other psychopathological scales were not significant. LDAEP on both hemispheres were positively associated with medication by means of CPZ-equivalent dose (beta = 0.162, p = 0.001 and beta = 0.173, p = 0.030 for right and left hemisphere).SANS composite score 20.137 BRMS HAMD 17 CDSS G 20.372 20.075 20.20.493; 20.250 36.082 (1) 20.294; 0.143 0.457 (1)20.409; 20.202 33.331 (1)DiscussionThe present study was designed to investigate the role of serotonergic neurotransmission estimated by the LDAEP for the psychopathology of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Due to the heterogeneity of the clinical concept of Epigenetics schizophrenia and its limitations as a valid object for scientific investigation [60], the level of psychopathological symptoms was chosen. We hypothesized that the LDAEP in patients with predominant negative symptoms would deviate from that of patients with predominant positive symptoms and healthy controls, indicating a difference in Table 3. Associations between right-hemispheric LDAEP values and clinical characteristics among patients.Wald x2 (df) Sig 11.593 (1) 0.041 (1) 2.114 (1) 1.170 (1) 3.574 (1) 12.908 (1) 0.047 (1) 2.416 (1) 5.779 (1) 5.906 (1) 4.451 (1) 0.331 (1) 0.391 (1) 0.695 (1) 0.001* 0.840 0.146 0.279 0.059 0.000* 0.829 0.120 0.016* 0.015* 0.035* 0.565 0.532 0.Abbreviations: CPZ, Chlorpromazine Dose Equivalence Ratios; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; BRMS, Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale; HAMD, Ha.Nsformation. Wilcoxon-test was used to test if the mediansPatients N Age (years) Medication (CPZ) Smoking (yes/no) PANSS positive PANSS negative 13 35.0 (8.13)Controls 13 35.4 (8.17)t/xpt = 0.120, df = 24 ?x2 1317923 = 5.571, df = 1 ??????0.905 ?0.018* ??????707.0 (597.62) ?69; 31 15.46 (4.93) 18.39 (6.25) 23; 77 ??????SANS composite score 31.31 (15.39) BRMS HAMD 17 CDSS-G 6.31 (3.77) 8.69 (4.07) 3.15 (3.11)Data presented as or mean 6 SD. Abbreviations: CPZ, Chlorpromazine Dose Equivalence Ratios; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; BRMS, Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, CDSS-G, Calgary Depression Rating Scale for Schizophrenia. *p,0.05. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068650.tSerotonergic Dysfunction in Negative SymptomsTable 2. LDAEP mean values in left and right hemisphere and Cz electrode across groups.Wald x2 (df) Sig 7.791 (1) 0.005*Table 4. Associations between left-hemispheric LDAEP values and clinical characteristics among patients.Wald x2 (df) Sig 4.681 (1) 1.935 (1) 0.320 (1) 0.004 (1) 0.030* 0.164 0.572 0.950 0.026* 0.436 0.731 0.261 0.004* 0.828 0.085 0.000* 0.499 0.000*Hemisphere LeftGroup Controls PatientsMean 1.060 1.450 0.905 1.234 0.150 0.95 CI 0.894?.258 1.230?.710 0.781?.050 1.073?.420 0.116?.194 0.105?.Measures CPZ PANSS positiveB 0.173 20.091 20.95 -CI 0.160; 0.331 20.219; 0.037 20.275; 0.152 20.237; 0.RightControls Patients10.094 (1)0.001*PANSS negativePANSS composite 1315463 score 20.007 0.057 (1) 0.811 PANSS general SANS Affect SANS Alogia SANS Avolition SANS Anhedonia SANS Attention 20.159 20.073 20.048 20.120 20.219 20.CzControls Patients20.299; 20.019 4.962 (1) 20.256; 0.110 20.319; 0.224 20.329; 0.089 0.607 (1) 0.118 (1) 1.263 (1)Results are adjusted for age and nicotine use. *p,0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068650.t20.367; 20.071 8.406 (1) 20.276; 0.221 20.294; 0.019 0.047 (1) 2.970 (1)scales showed lower LDAEP (Table 4). As shown in Table 3 and 4 all other psychopathological scales were not significant. LDAEP on both hemispheres were positively associated with medication by means of CPZ-equivalent dose (beta = 0.162, p = 0.001 and beta = 0.173, p = 0.030 for right and left hemisphere).SANS composite score 20.137 BRMS HAMD 17 CDSS G 20.372 20.075 20.20.493; 20.250 36.082 (1) 20.294; 0.143 0.457 (1)20.409; 20.202 33.331 (1)DiscussionThe present study was designed to investigate the role of serotonergic neurotransmission estimated by the LDAEP for the psychopathology of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Due to the heterogeneity of the clinical concept of schizophrenia and its limitations as a valid object for scientific investigation [60], the level of psychopathological symptoms was chosen. We hypothesized that the LDAEP in patients with predominant negative symptoms would deviate from that of patients with predominant positive symptoms and healthy controls, indicating a difference in Table 3. Associations between right-hemispheric LDAEP values and clinical characteristics among patients.Wald x2 (df) Sig 11.593 (1) 0.041 (1) 2.114 (1) 1.170 (1) 3.574 (1) 12.908 (1) 0.047 (1) 2.416 (1) 5.779 (1) 5.906 (1) 4.451 (1) 0.331 (1) 0.391 (1) 0.695 (1) 0.001* 0.840 0.146 0.279 0.059 0.000* 0.829 0.120 0.016* 0.015* 0.035* 0.565 0.532 0.Abbreviations: CPZ, Chlorpromazine Dose Equivalence Ratios; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SANS, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; BRMS, Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale; HAMD, Ha.
