Of Cn infection was 2?:1 males:females [4?]. Both prior to the HIV epidemic and recently, a common explanation for the increased incidence in males was increased exposure to Cn [7?]. However, antigen reactivity studies suggest that males and females are exposed at equal rates [9,10]. Previous reports show that estrogen inhibits growth of Cn in vitro [9] and that the administration ofdiethylstilbestrol to Cn patients increases the activity of patient leukocytes to phagocytose Cn. [11,12]. Fungaemia, disseminated infection and mean serum antigen titer are all significantly higher in males than females with cryptococcosis [13]. Currently there is no information on how the immune response to Cn differs by gender and why there is a predominance of disease in males. These observations suggest there is an interaction between the microbe and the male host immune response that results in inefficient control of a Cn infection relative to that occurring in female hosts. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that, in our patient set, male AIDS patients have significantly increased risk of death from cryptococcal meningitis despite higher CD4+ T lymphocyte counts on admission to the hospital [14], (personal communication). An alternative hypothesis is that microbial factors influence host susceptibility. In this study these hypotheses were tested by evaluating virulence factor phenotypes of 28 clinical isolates obtained from male and female AIDS patients. Additionally, we evaluated the interaction of Cn and human macrophages isolated from healthyHost Gender Affects C. neoformans Pathogenesismale and female volunteers. Virulence factor phenotypes differed between strains isolated from males compared to strains isolated from females. An increase in the release of capsular polysaccharide with the addition of physiological levels of testosterone in both a laboratory and clinical strains were also observed. Finally, male macrophages had poor outcomes after incubation with Cn clinical isolates. These results suggest a potential interaction of Cn with testosterone that results in increased disease. These results are the first to delineate a possible mechanism for increased incidence of cryptococcal disease in males. Further experiments may advance our understanding of this mechanism and could lead to differential therapies for patients with cryptococcosis.Glucuronoxylomannan ReleaseTo determine if the clinical isolates differed in their ability to release capsular glucuronoxylomanan (GXM) into the medium, capsules were induced in Dulbecco’s modified media (DME). Briefly, Cn were grown for 2? days in YPD broth at 37uC. Cells were washed 36 with PBS, counted with a hemacytometer, adjusted to 16105 yeast/ml in DME and grown for 18 h at 37uC in 10 CO2 [16]. The next day, the DME purchase Finafloxacin supernatant was collected and the concentration of GXM in the media was measured by Title Loaded From File capture ELISA as previously described in [17], except the following mAbs were used in subsequent order: goat anti-mouse IgM unlabeled, followed by mAb 2D10 (IgM), followed by capsule supernatant, followed by mAb 18B7 (IgG1), followed by goat anti-mouse IgG1-AP labeled. The limits of detection for the ELISA using these antibodies are between 0.00005 and 10 mg/ml GXM. The same ELISA was used to determine levels of GXM released in the clinical isolates or the laboratory strain H99 incubated with 400 pg/ml 17-b estradiol (Sigma), 10 ng/ml testosterone (Sigma) and 1/100 dilution 100 ethanol (control). T.Of Cn infection was 2?:1 males:females [4?]. Both prior to the HIV epidemic and recently, a common explanation for the increased incidence in males was increased exposure to Cn [7?]. However, antigen reactivity studies suggest that males and females are exposed at equal rates [9,10]. Previous reports show that estrogen inhibits growth of Cn in vitro [9] and that the administration ofdiethylstilbestrol to Cn patients increases the activity of patient leukocytes to phagocytose Cn. [11,12]. Fungaemia, disseminated infection and mean serum antigen titer are all significantly higher in males than females with cryptococcosis [13]. Currently there is no information on how the immune response to Cn differs by gender and why there is a predominance of disease in males. These observations suggest there is an interaction between the microbe and the male host immune response that results in inefficient control of a Cn infection relative to that occurring in female hosts. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that, in our patient set, male AIDS patients have significantly increased risk of death from cryptococcal meningitis despite higher CD4+ T lymphocyte counts on admission to the hospital [14], (personal communication). An alternative hypothesis is that microbial factors influence host susceptibility. In this study these hypotheses were tested by evaluating virulence factor phenotypes of 28 clinical isolates obtained from male and female AIDS patients. Additionally, we evaluated the interaction of Cn and human macrophages isolated from healthyHost Gender Affects C. neoformans Pathogenesismale and female volunteers. Virulence factor phenotypes differed between strains isolated from males compared to strains isolated from females. An increase in the release of capsular polysaccharide with the addition of physiological levels of testosterone in both a laboratory and clinical strains were also observed. Finally, male macrophages had poor outcomes after incubation with Cn clinical isolates. These results suggest a potential interaction of Cn with testosterone that results in increased disease. These results are the first to delineate a possible mechanism for increased incidence of cryptococcal disease in males. Further experiments may advance our understanding of this mechanism and could lead to differential therapies for patients with cryptococcosis.Glucuronoxylomannan ReleaseTo determine if the clinical isolates differed in their ability to release capsular glucuronoxylomanan (GXM) into the medium, capsules were induced in Dulbecco’s modified media (DME). Briefly, Cn were grown for 2? days in YPD broth at 37uC. Cells were washed 36 with PBS, counted with a hemacytometer, adjusted to 16105 yeast/ml in DME and grown for 18 h at 37uC in 10 CO2 [16]. The next day, the DME supernatant was collected and the concentration of GXM in the media was measured by capture ELISA as previously described in [17], except the following mAbs were used in subsequent order: goat anti-mouse IgM unlabeled, followed by mAb 2D10 (IgM), followed by capsule supernatant, followed by mAb 18B7 (IgG1), followed by goat anti-mouse IgG1-AP labeled. The limits of detection for the ELISA using these antibodies are between 0.00005 and 10 mg/ml GXM. The same ELISA was used to determine levels of GXM released in the clinical isolates or the laboratory strain H99 incubated with 400 pg/ml 17-b estradiol (Sigma), 10 ng/ml testosterone (Sigma) and 1/100 dilution 100 ethanol (control). T.
